[Air-L] Fake News

[Ken Latta]

I extracted references from the discussion here to share with my unindicted
co-conspirators and thought it might be useful to send it back to the
source, y'all. Forgive the reference to listserv but lots of folks don't
know they (and netnews groups) are still used.
On Fake News:
the AIR-L listserv (yes there are still listserv discussion groups) has had
a running topic on this for a couple of weeks. Here is a list of items
mentioned, I added a couple of items to the two-step discussion.

Melissa Zimdars in the Washington Post
My ‘fake news list’ went viral. But made-up stories are only part of the
problem.
Click-bait and “truthiness” are just as bad.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/11/18/my-fake-news-list-went-viral-but-made-up-stories-are-only-part-of-the-problem/?utm_term=.d0264f3f1c06

Podcast: Many Things Considered--Looking to politics past to make sense of
politics present
Episode 5: All the News - Fake and Otherwise
http://manythingsconsidered.com/podcast/

Jennifer Stromer-Galley
Three ways Facebook could reduce fake news without resorting to censorship
https://theconversation.com/three-ways-facebook-could-reduce-fake-news-without-resorting-to-censorship-69033

Real or Fake?
Kate Adie introduces correspondents stories:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b083l971

"If you asked Google who won the popular vote just after the election,
there’s a chance you would have been sent to a conspiracy blog with bogus
results. And the site is likely to have looked as legitimate as any other."
FACEBOOK AND GOOGLE MAKE LIES AS PRETTY AS TRUTH
How AMP and Instant Articles camouflage fake news
http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13850230/fake-news-sites-google-search-facebook-instant-articles

*How Social Media Reduces Mass Political Polarization. Evidence from
Germany, Spain, and the U.S. *by Paolo Barbera
http://pablobarbera.com/static/barbera_polarization_APSA.pdf

Kalev Leetaru has a series of articles in Forbes
"The concept of "fake news" is very complex, ranging from satirical to
misleading to malicious content and, when looking globally, covers not just
social media, but SMS and FTF communication. Much like humor, where one
person's hilarious joke might be deeply offensive to another, a good
portion of "fake news" revolves around how societies and peoples with
different backgrounds interpret and construct meaning from a shared set of
information."
http://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/11/30/why-stopping-fake-news-is-so-hard/
http://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/12/10/the-inverted-pyramid-and-how-fake-news-weaponized-modern-journalistic-practice/
http://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/12/11/the-global-perspective-on-fake-news/
http://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2016/12/11/how-data-and-information-literacy-could-end-fake-news/

How Social Media Splits the Global Conversation
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/weekend-roundup-147_us_584ad413e4b0e05aded38429?section=us_world

One of the foundational statements on propaganda.
Jacque Ellul's 1973 book *Propaganda: The formation of men's attitudes*.
Full Text:
https://www.ratical.org/ratville/AoS/Propaganda.pdf


Social construction
Existentialism Today: Terror Management Theory
This is the original introduction for a Letter, tentatively titled, "Can
unconscious motivation explain the Climate Crisis."
http://cosmism.blogspot.dk/2010/05/existentialism-today-terror-management.html

Glenn Greenwald
A Clinton Fan Manufactured Fake News That MSNBC Personalities Spread to
Discredit WikiLeaks Docs
https://theintercept.com/2016/12/09/a-clinton-fan-manufactured-fake-news-that-msnbc-personalities-spread-to-discredit-wikileaks-docs/


The threat of post-modern social constructivism was identified long ago in
the European J. of Social Psychology. A review of a recent book is more
comprehensive: "Postmodernism opens the door to fascism, and is unable to
close it again.”
http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2004/10/crowder.html

Marco Morini wrote about fake news in the 2004 and in the 2008 US
elections (Vaccari & Morini, 2014, "The power of smears in two American
presidential campaign", Journal of Political Marketing).
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15377857.2014.866021

Propaganda Techniques in Institutional Advertising
Leonard I. Pearlin and Morris Rosenberg
The Public Opinion Quarterly
Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1952), pp. 5-26

Reuters NewsTracer, an algorithm used to verify news on Twitter
http://www.niemanlab.org/2016/11/reuters-built-its-own-algorithmic-prediction-tool-to-help-it-spot-and-verify-breaking-news-on-twitter/

J Michael Sproule's work on the American experience with propaganda and
misinformation:
His Amazon Author Page:
https://www.amazon.com/J.-Michael-Sproule/e/B001HCW8YG
and
Channels of Propaganda (1994 full text)
http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED372461.pdf

Google, democracy and the truth about internet search
Tech-savvy rightwingers have been able to ‘game’ the algorithms of internet
giants and create a new reality where Hitler is a good guy, Jews are evil
and… Donald Trump becomes president
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook

Lazarsfeld's two-step communication might argue against the tangible effect
of fake news on political behavior
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication
and
The Martians Are Coming! 'Broadcast Hysteria' Looks At The War Over 'Worlds'
http://www.npr.org/2015/05/09/403130170/the-martians-are-coming-broadcast-hysteria-looks-at-the-war-over-worlds
and
Re-examining The Two-Step Flow of information in the age of digital media:
The case of the 2012
presidential election in the United States
http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4081&context=etd

and
The Nature voting study, whether messages circulated via social media might
be more influential because of social context.
A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political
mobilization
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/nature11421.html

CIBS--Center for Information and Bubble Studies
Post Factual Bubbles and Political Democracy
http://bubblestudies.ku.dk/teachingmaterial/politicalbubbles/

Facebook is not about stimulating Democracy
http://sciencenordic.com/facebook-not-about-stimulating-democracy?utm_source=ScienceNordic.com+
Newsletter&utm_campaign=a78a81653e-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_3bb7f89ffc-a78a81653e-239953037

Jeanine Finn's annotated bibliography, part of her dissertation on
credibility practices in news reporting.
Understanding fake news in 2016:Before the truth gets its pants on
https://jeaninefinn.me/2016/11/15/understanding-fake-news-in-2016-before-the-truth-gets-its-pants-on/

Mark Zuckerberg Is in Denial
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/opinion/mark-zuckerberg-is-in-denial.html


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