[Air-L] Fake News

Ian Towers ian.towers at srh-hochschule-berlin.de
Fri Dec 9 10:19:42 PST 2016


I'd agree with that. Disinformation is the deliberate spreading of lies, while misinformation is unintentionally false.

Cheers
Ian
----------–----------------------
Prof. Dr. Ian Towers
Professor of Organisation Studies
SRH Hochschule Berlin 

> Am 09.12.2016 um 19:09 schrieb Raphael Tsavkko <tsavkko at yahoo.com.br>:
> 
> I"d say that misinformation is not exactly the same thing as fake new. Saying
> that Aliens invaded the US last week is not just misinformation, is completely
> fake, therefore, fake news.  One thing is having a side, is reading the news
> or reality in a different way,  other thing is bias, and a very different
> issue is fake news, that is the pure fabrication of facts.
> 
> 
> 
> "News is socially constructed" may apply in some cases (I'm not a huge fan of
> this[post]modernist approach of "everything is socially constructed", despite
> the fact that I do adopt constructivists approaches in my research, let's try
> to debate it), but in many cases there's pure and simple fabrication of facts.
> If I publish that Obama was not born in the US there's no room for saying that
> this might be fake to some and true to others, it's simply fake. The fact that
> some news outlets spread such "news" and that some people may believe it
> doesn't make it less... fake.  
> 
> 
> 
> best,  
> 
> 
> Raphael Tsavkko Garcia  
> 
> University of Deusto
> 
> ![](https://link.nylas.com/open/ab5722yn3oe1fpn5wftk70yo7/local-
> a38e8b0b-c737?r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=)
> 
> 
>> On Dez 9 2016, at 6:53 pm, Julia DeCook <julia.decook at gmail.com> wrote:  
>> 
>> Misinformation I think is the proper term. Misinformation online has been  
> studied by researchers before in terms of the rejection of science and  
> conspiracy theories. Lewandowsky et al. and Bessi et al. have interesting  
> articles about it.
> 
>> 
> 
>> WHO came out with a report in 2013 about the problem in terms of medical  
> misinformation. These might be fruitful in terms of understanding fake news  
> spread.
> 
>> 
> 
>>> On Dec 9, 2016 12:38 PM, "MC Cambre" <mcambre at ualberta.ca> wrote:
>> 
>> 
> 
>>> Instead of fake news, how about disinformation? The partial and/or  
>> misleading of unverified events posing as information but tending more  
>> towards gossip, scandal and slander, with the intent to polarize debate and  
>> damage reputations. Often put forth from behind masked partisan lenses.  
>> 
>> On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 12:23 PM, Todd O'Neill <Todd.O'Neill at mtsu.edu>  
>> wrote:  
>> 
>>> FWIW, I think the term "fake news" gives this term a kind of legitimacy.  
>>> News is news. When we differentiate between real and fake news we're on  
>>> slippery slope.  
>>> We have adopted a term put forth by popular media not necessarily  
>>> journalists.  
>>> I don't know what the term should be. Commentary seems to be part of the  
>>> label I think.  
>>> Any thoughts?  
>>> 
>>> 
>>> Sent from my iPhone  
>>> 
>>>> On Dec 9, 2016, at 11:16 AM, MC Cambre <mcambre at ualberta.ca> wrote:  
>>>> 
>>>> Worthy point and well noted.  
>>>> Pedagogically, I stress the difference between image and substance,  
>> and I  
>>>> teach about the word propaganda and how it rose and fell in  
>> popularity. I  
>>>> don't know if anyone uses this piece from 1952, I found it a gem for  
>>>> helping students view critically.  
>>>> "Propaganda Techniques In Institutional Advertising" BY LEONARD 1.  
>>> PEARLIN  
>>>> AND MORRIS ROSENBERG 1952 in PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, SPRING  
>>>> 
>>>> It specifically points to institutional advertising, but we can say  
>> that  
>>>> much that is being called fake news uses these techniques.  
>>>> 
>>>> For what it is worth!  
>>>> cc  
>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>>> On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:47 AM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates at umd.edu>  
>> wrote:  
>>>>> 
>>>>> Just have to jump here and refer to the comment above that noted that  
>>>>> "What's  
>>>>> accurate news for one group  
>>>>> may be fake news for another. News is socially constructed." That is  
>>>>> certainly a dominant guiding principle from communication studies BUT  
>>> what  
>>>>> that is very different from news that is deliberately constructed as  
>>>>> propaganda. There is indeed a central organizing principle of news in  
>>> the  
>>>>> service of society -- it can failed or weak, but journalism as a  
>>> profession  
>>>>> in the United States is concerned with the broader principle that news  
>>>>> creates informed citizens and without informed citizens you cannot  
>> have  
>>> a  
>>>>> democracy. You cannot have a democracy without journalism. So the  
>>>>> journalism may be flawed and -- in the case of the US -- in particular  
>>>>> challenged by a failing economic model of traditional media outlets as  
>>>>> advertising shifts to more powerful social-media outlets, etc. There  
>> is  
>>> a  
>>>>> qualitative difference between the attempt to inform the public and  
>> the  
>>>>> attempt to deceive the public. We can measure the value of news by  
>>> criteria  
>>>>> such as giving voice to both sides, an attempt to explain issues,  
>>> quoting  
>>>>> accurately, attempting to give facts, owning up to and correcting an  
>>>>> errors, attempting to be objective. As an ex-journalist and a  
>> journalism  
>>>>> educator, I ask people to stop saying that news and propaganda are  
>>> really  
>>>>> the same thing. I've heard it for years and it's simply not true. Many  
>>>>> journalists risk their lives to bring us as close to the truth as they  
>>> can.  
>>>>> Propagandists deliberately lie, cheat, deceive, misinform and seek to  
>>> use  
>>>>> information for their own means. And yes, I know the arguments about  
>>> media  
>>>>> in service to the state, in service to capitalism, in service to  
>>> communism,  
>>>>> in service to a media owner etc. But please, people, as communication  
>>>>> scholars we need to recognize, support, and try to make better the ONE  
>>>>> THING between us and authoritarianism -- a free press.  
>>>>> 
>>>>> 
>>>>> 
>>>>> On Fri, Dec 9, 2016 at 9:31 AM, Joshua Braun <jabraun at journ.umass.edu  
>>> 
>>>>> wrote:  
>>>>> 
>>>>>> Also, there's the Nature voting study, which—while not on news  
>>>>>> specifically—might be seen as raising some interesting questions  
>> about  
>>>>>> whether messages circulated via social media might be more  
>> influential  
>>>>>> because of the social context. I.e., When news is circulated via  
>> social  
>>>>>> networks it is often being spread *by* influencers, which affects the  
>>>>>> fit with traditional two-step flow models.  
>>>>>> 
>>>>>> [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/](http://www.nat
> ure.com/nature/journal/v489/n7415/full/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=)  
>> nature11421.html  
>>>>>> 
>>>>>> Not arguing a side here. Just suggesting that applying Lazarsfeld,  
>> etc.  
>>>>>> might require some rethinking of context.  
>>>>>> 
>>>>>> Cheers,  
>>>>>> Josh  
>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> On 12/09/2016 08:36 AM, Jeanine Finn wrote:  
>>>>>>> There is a study of the 2004 elections that might be useful while we  
>>>>>> wait for the dust to settle from 2016.  
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> Carlson, M. (2007). Blogs and journalistic authority. Journalism  
>>>>>> Studies, 8(2) <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/  
>>>>>> 14616700601148861>, 264–279. doi:10.1080/14616700601148861  
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> This paper asserts that the role of blogs cannot be adequately  
>>>>>> understood without examining the established media context in which  
>>> they  
>>>>>> appear. Blogs operate along side, in conjunction with, and in  
>>> opposition  
>>>>> to  
>>>>>> established vehicles for political information, which creates tension  
>>>>> among  
>>>>>> journalists seeking to preserve their authority. As a site to observe  
>>> the  
>>>>>> blog-traditional journalism relationship, this article examines the  
>>>>>> reaction by journalists and others to blogs’ role in US Election Day  
>>> 2004  
>>>>>> coverage. Much of the attention by journalists focuses on assessing  
>> the  
>>>>>> well-publicized decision by some blogs to release incomplete exit  
>> polls  
>>>>>> erroneously predicting a victory for Democratic candidate John Kerry.  
>>>>> This  
>>>>>> discourse works to make sense of the status and credibility of blogs  
>>>>> while  
>>>>>> simultaneously allowing journalists to negotiate their role as  
>>>>>> authoritative providers of political news. Ultimately, the discourse  
>>>>>> underlines the dynamism of news in a contemporary media environment  
>>>>> marked  
>>>>>> by new forms of complexity and competitiveness.  
>>>>>>> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861](http:/
> /www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuY
> W9pci5vcmc=) <  
>>>>>> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>](http:/
> /www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700601148861>&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYu
> YW9pci5vcmc=)  
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>> On Dec 9, 2016, at 7:29 AM, Yosem Companys <companys at stanford.edu  
>>>>>> <mailto:companys at stanford.edu>> wrote:  
>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>> Exactly. I was wondering whether anyone has studied whether news --  
>>>>>> fake or  
>>>>>>>> real -- had any tangible effect on the 2016 election outcome.  
>>> Wouldn't  
>>>>>>>> Lazarsfeld et al. say "no," at least not directly?  
>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld <  
>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld>  
>>>>>>>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_flow_of_communication  
>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>> There is a long tradition of studying the effects of news on  
>> people's  
>>>>>>>> attitudes (or attitude change). My recollection is that news in and  
>>> of  
>>>>>>>> itself has little influence on people's attitudes unless mediated  
>> by  
>>>>> an  
>>>>>>>> influencer (i.e., hence Lazarsfeld 2-step flow of communication).  
>> But  
>>>>>>>> experiments show the opposite: News has a strong effect on people's  
>>>>>>>> attitudes, though the effect wanes over time.  
>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>> Anyone studied 2016 from this perspective?  
>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>> On Thu, Dec 8, 2016 at 9:20 PM, Ronald E. Rice <  
>> rrice at comm.ucsb.edu>  
>>>>>> wrote:  
>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>>> Perhaps more important and interesting: anyone have any studies  
>>>>> showing  
>>>>>>>>> that real (accurate, true) news influenced the 2016 presidential  
>>>>>> election  
>>>>>>>>> outcome? ;=)  
>>>>>>>>> \--  
>>>>>>>>> Ronald E. Rice  
>>>>>>>>> Arthur N. Rupe Professor in the Social Effects of Mass  
>> Communication  
>>>>>>>>> International Communication Association President 2006-2007  
>>>>>>>>> Dept. of Communication, 4005 Social Sciences & Media Studies Bldg  
>>>>>> (SSMS)  
>>>>>>>>> University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4020  
>>>>>>>>> Ph: 805-893-8696; Fax: 805-893-7102  
>>>>>>>>> rrice at comm.ucsb.edu; [http://www.comm.ucsb.edu/](http://www.comm.uc
> sb.edu/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=)  
>> people/ronald-e-rice  
>>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>>> Quoting Yosem Companys <companys at stanford.edu>:  
>>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>>> Anyone know of any academic studies showing that fake (social  
>> media)  
>>>>>> news  
>>>>>>>>>> influenced the 2016 presidential election outcome?  
>>>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>>>> Thanks,  
>>>>>>>>>> Yosem  
>>>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________  
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>>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________  
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>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> <\---------------------------------------------------->  
>>>>>>> Jeanine Finn, PhD  
>>>>>>> Researcher  
>>>>>>> School of Information  
>>>>>>> University of Texas at Austin  
>>>>>>> jefinn at utexas.edu <mailto:jefinn at utexas.edu>  
>>>>>>> [http://jeaninefinn.me](http://jeaninefinn.me&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuY
> W9pci5vcmc=) <http://jeaninefinn.me/>  
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> 
>>>>>>> _______________________________________________  
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>>>>>> 
>>>>>> \--  
>>>>>> Josh Braun, Ph.D.  
>>>>>> Assistant Professor of Journalism Studies  
>>>>>> Journalism Department  
>>>>>> University of Massachusetts Amherst  
>>>>>> 
>>>>>> @josh_braun  
>>>>>> Skype: wideaperture  
>>>>>> [http://wideaperture.net/](http://wideaperture.net/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNl
> cnYuYW9pci5vcmc=)  
>>>>>> new book: [http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300197501/program-
> brought-](http://yalebooks.com/book/9780300197501/program-
> brought-&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=)  
>> you  
>>>>>> 
>>>>>> "Maybe the only gift is a chance to inquire, to know nothing for  
>>> certain.  
>>>>>> An inheritance of wonder and nothing more."  
>>>>>> William Least Heat-Moon  
>>>>>> 
>>>>>> 
>>>>>> _______________________________________________  
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>>>>>> 
>>>>> 
>>>>> 
>>>>> 
>>>>> \--  
>>>>> Sarah Oates  
>>>>> Professor and Senior Scholar  
>>>>> Philip Merrill College of Journalism  
>>>>> University of Maryland  
>>>>> College Park, MD 20457  
>>>>> Email: soates at umd.edu  
>>>>> Phone: 301 405 4510  
>>>>> _______________________________________________  
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>>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>> \--  
>>>> \--  
>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>> *Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal  
>>>> Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of  
>>>> Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling  
>>>> [http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-
> carolina](http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-
> carolina&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=)  
>>>> <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book:  
>>>> [http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-
> guevara-](http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-
> guevara-&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=)  
>> 9781472505293/  
>>>> <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-  
>>> 9781472505293/>*  
>>>> <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-  
>>> 9781472505293/>  
>>>> _______________________________________________  
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>> 
>> 
>> \--  
>> \--  
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> *Carolina Cambre PhD Assistant Professor Concordia University, Montreal  
>> Centre for Global Citizenship Education & Research Fellow Affiliate of  
>> Concordia University - Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling  
>> [http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-
> carolina](http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-
> carolina&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=)  
>> <http://storytelling.concordia.ca/content/cambre-carolina> Book:  
>> [http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-
> guevara-9781472505293/](http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-
> guevara-9781472505293/&r=YWlyLWxAbGlzdHNlcnYuYW9pci5vcmc=)  
>> <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/  
>>> *  
>> <http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-semiotics-of-che-guevara-9781472505293/>  
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