[Air-L] Questioning the filter bubble

Joly MacFie joly at punkcast.com
Sun Apr 23 22:42:42 PDT 2017


​Not a paper, but I might contribute Gilad Lotan's presentation at the
'Content Rules' event
​
​in Jan. He examines some real cases.​

https://livestream.com/internetsociety/contentrules/videos/147250574 starts
8 mins in


On Sun, Apr 23, 2017 at 9:52 PM, Jenny Davis <jennifer.davis at anu.edu.au>
wrote:

> Hi Chris and All,
>
>
> Please excuse the self-promotion, but I've written about different
> mechanisms of curation (i.e., filtering). The article might provide some
> useful language and a framework to think about filter bubbles and related
> issues.
>
>
> Curation: A Theoretical Treatment
>
> http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2016.
> 1203972?journalCode=rics20
>
>
> Best,
>
> Jenny
>
>
>
>
> Jenny L. Davis
>
> Lecturer, School of Sociology
>
> The Australian National University
>
> Co-Editor: Cyborgology<https://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/> <
> https://twitter.com/Jenny_L_Davis>
>
> Twitter: @Jenny_L_Davis<https://twitter.com/Jenny_L_Davis>
>
> ________________________________
> From: Air-L <air-l-bounces at listserv.aoir.org> on behalf of Chris Peterson
> <chris at cpeterson.org>
> Sent: Monday, April 24, 2017 7:35:07 AM
> To: DY Wohn
> Cc: AoIR mailing list
> Subject: Re: [Air-L] Questioning the filter bubble
>
> Going to jump out from lurking this list to say what I’m sure has occurred
> to others, i.e. that I’d love for a literature review of this question, not
> only for teaching but also citation purposes.
>
> I’m currently revising an article on a distinct-but-maybe-related
> phenomenon (i.e., that CIPA-compliant Internet filtering in public
> institutions is almost unbelievably inconsistent across institutions
> nominally governed by the same standards), and I’m trying to figure out how
> to link the possible political consequences of that inconsistency with the
> kinds of inconsistencies alleged across e.g. social media, but finding it
> nearly impossible to even describe the phenomenon this thread is
> questioning before I can get to the point of questioning it!
>
> I’m working through the papers that y’all have so helpfully shared, but
> I’d love it especially if anyone has seen any good encapsulations of the
> questions/controversies at stake that I can reference to help link these
> concepts, because if I try to do that in this piece I suspect I’m going to
> run out of word count before I even get to the thing I’m trying to write
> about.
>
> In the meantime, thanks for being always-helpful, AoIR.
>
> — Chris
>
> > On Apr 6, 2017, at 2:57 PM, DY Wohn <yvettewohn at gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> > Also shameless self-plug for short theory paper where we argue that yes,
> > algorithms play a role but it's wrong to think of social media as a
> uniform
> > entity because it is actually about how you compose your network; thus
> > individuals have some agency in deciding who they will be connected to in
> > social media:
> >
> > *Wohn, D. Y*., & Bowe, B. J. (2014). How social media facilitates social
> > construction of reality
> > <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2556420.2556509&coll=
> DL&dl=ACM&CFID=471301430&CFTOKEN=24404336>
> > In *Proceedings of companion publication of CSCW 2014, *261-264. New
> York,
> > NY: ACM [pdf
> > <https://arcticpenguin.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/2014-
> cscw_wohnbowe.pdf>]
> >
> > *Wohn, D. Y*., & Bowe, B. J. (2016). Micro Agenda Setters: The Effect of
> > Social Media on Young Adults’ Exposure to and Attitude Toward News
> > <http://sms.sagepub.com/content/2/1/2056305115626750.full>. *Social
> Media
> > and Society, 2(1)*
> >
> > On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 6:22 PM, kiran gvr <gvrkirann at gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> >> Hello David,
> >>
> >>
> >> Already some great suggestions. Below is a broad list of papers that
> >> discuss both sides of the broad topic of filter bubbles and
> polarization. I
> >> think it is a good addition to the above list by Alex, since these dont
> >> deal with fake news, necessarily.
> >>
> >> 1. If you are looking for *work specifically that questions the bubble*,
> >> here are a few (in chronological order).
> >>
> >> ------------------------------------------------------
> >>
> >> Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of political
> >> polarization. American
> >> Sociological Review, 72, 784–811.
> >>
> >> David Weinberger. Echo Chambers = Democracy. In A Fine, M Sifry, A
> Rasiej,
> >> and J Levy, editors, Rebooting America, pages 32–37. Personal Democracy
> >> Press, New York, 2008. (argues that; 1) the Internet is too young to
> make
> >> conclusions about filter bubbles; 2) the empirical research that exists
> is
> >> very difficult to interpret; 3) fragmentation occurs in traditional
> media
> >> and in offline world; 4) democracy needs bubbles so that people in basic
> >> agreement can build relationships and be active in political movements.)
> >>
> >> Wojcieszak, M. E. and D. C. Mutz (2009). “Online Groups and Political
> >> Discourse: Do Online Discussion Spaces Facilitate Exposure to Political
> >> Disagreement?” In: Journal of Communication
> >>
> >>
> >> Brundidge, J. (2010). “Encountering ”Difference” in the contemporary
> public
> >> sphere: The
> >> contribution of the internet to the heterogeneity of political
> discussion
> >> networks”. In:
> >> Journal of Communication (internet facilitates communication)
> >>
> >>
> >> Kim, Y. (2011b). “The contribution of social network sites to exposure
> to
> >> political difference:
> >> The relationships among SNSs, online political messaging, and exposure
> to
> >> cross-cutting perspectives”. In: Computers in Human Behavior
> >>
> >>
> >> IDEOLOGICAL SEGREGATION ONLINE AND OFFLINE, MATTHEW GENTZKOW AND JESSE
> M.
> >> SHAPIRO (2011) (We find no evidence that the Internet is becoming more
> >> segregated over time.)
> >>
> >>
> >> Jacob Weisberg. Bubble Trouble Is Web personalization turning us into
> >> solipsistic twits?, 2011. URL http://goo.gl/ET1pO6 (paper from google
> >> saying web personalization is not responsible for bubbles)
> >>
> >>
> >> Kim, Y., Hsu, S.-H., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Influence of social
> media
> >> use on discussion network heterogeneity and civic engagement: The
> >> moderating role of personality traits. Journal of Communication, 63(3),
> >> 498–516
> >>
> >>
> >> Michael a. Beam and Gerald M. Kosicki. Personalized News Portals:
> Filtering
> >> Systems and Increased News Exposure. Journalism & Mass Communication
> >> Quarterly, 91(1):59–77, 2014. (investigated the impact of personalized
> news
> >> web portals on political bias and found out the average news viewer
> seems
> >> to favor news that does not have bias towards a particular perspective.)
> >>
> >>
> >> The digital citizen: in worship of an echo (2014)
> >> https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366752/
> >>
> >>
> >> Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2014). Selective exposure in the age of
> >> social media: Endorsements trump partisan source affiliation when
> selecting
> >> news online. Communication Research, 41(8), 1042–1063.
> >>
> >>
> >> Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R.
> (2015).
> >> Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more
> than an
> >> echo chamber? Psychological Science,
> >>
> >> Pablo Barbera. How Social Media Reduces Mass Political Polarization.
> >> Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the U.S. 2014 (found out that social
> >> media users receive information from a set of diverse sources, thanks to
> >> weak ties)
> >>
> >>
> >> FILTER BUBBLES, ECHO CHAMBERS, AND ONLINE NEWS CONSUMPTION (show that
> >> there’s no preferential media consumption) https://5harad.com/papers/
> >> bubbles.pdf
> >>
> >>
> >> Bakshy, E., S. Messing, and L. Adamic (2015). “Exposure to ideologically
> >> diverse news
> >> and opinion on Facebook”. In: Science (argue that facebook facilitates
> >> ideologically diverse exposure)
> >>
> >> Kieron O’Hara and David Stevens (2015). Echo Chambers and Online
> Radicalism
> >> : Assessing the Internet’ s Complicity in Violent Extremism. Policy and
> >> Internet (argue that the evidence for bubbles is not strong enough for
> >> regulation and even if bubbles exist, users can escape them. Since users
> >> can live in looser and multiple networks (often thanks to social media),
> >> they have flexibility, choice and exposure to heterogeneous points of
> >> view.)
> >>
> >> Bright, J. (2016). “The Social News Gap: How News Reading and News
> Sharing
> >> Diverge”. In: Journal of Communication (argues something similar to the
> >> above, that social media facilitates diverse exposure)
> >>
> >> Bode, L. (2016). Who sees what? Individual exposure to political
> >> information via social media. In G. W. Richardson (Ed.), Social media
> and
> >> politics: A new way to participate in the political process. Santa
> Barbara,
> >> CA: Praeger.
> >>
> >>
> >> IS THE INTERNET CAUSING POLITICAL POLARIZATION? EVIDENCE FROM
> DEMOGRAPHICS
> >> (2017)
> >>
> >> http://www.nber.org/papers/w23258.pdf (they show that polarization is
> >> increasing for the older demographic, who generally don’t use the
> internet)
> >>
> >> ------------------------------------------------------
> >>
> >> *2. Here are a few that support the existence of the bubble:*
> >>
> >> Slater, M. D. (2007). Reinforcing spirals:  The mutual influence of
> media
> >> selectivity and media effects and their impact on individual behavior
> and
> >> social identity. Communication  theory, (it is a spiral effect)
> >>
> >> McCarty, N. M., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2008). Polarized America:
> >> The dance of ideology and unequal riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
> >> (economic inequality and polarization are linked)
> >>
> >> Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions:
> Revisiting
> >> the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341–366.
> >>
> >> Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of
> >> ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59
> >>
> >> Levendusky, M. (2009). The partisan sort: How liberals became Democrats
> and
> >> conservatives became Republicans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
> Press.
> >>
> >> Lawrence, E., Sides, J., & Farrell, H. (2010). Self-segregation or
> >> deliberation? Blog readership, participation, and polarization in
> American
> >> politics. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 141–157. (social media
> leading to
> >> polarization)
> >>
> >> Abramowitz, A. I. (2011). The disappearing center: Engaged citizens,
> >> polarization, and American democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University
> Press.
> >>
> >> Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. New York,
> >> NY: Oxford University Press (claim that polarization is due to media
> >> balkanization)
> >>
> >> Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological segregation online
> and
> >> offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 44, 1–41.  (both media and
> >> personal choice responsible for polarization)
> >>
> >> Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A
> social
> >> identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3),
> >> 405–431.
> >>
> >> Murray, C. (2013). Coming apart: The state of white America, 1960–2010.
> New
> >> York, NY: Crown Forum
> >>
> >> Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing
> channels?
> >> Partisan news in an age of choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
> >> Press. (“Balkanization of media consumption”)
> >>
> >> Levendusky, M. (2013). How partisan media polarize America. Chicago, IL:
> >> University of Chicago Press. (claim that polarization is due to media
> >> balkanization)
> >>
> >> Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing
> channels?
> >> Partisan news in an age of choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
> Press
> >> (claim that polarization is due to public choice and not media)
> >>
> >>
> >> Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of
> >> Political Science, 16, 101–127. (both media and personal choice
> responsible
> >> for polarization)
> >>
> >> Himelboim, I., McCreery, S., & Smith, M. (2013). Birds of a feather
> tweet
> >> together: Integrating network and content analyses to examine
> >> cross-ideology exposure on Twitter. Journal of Computer-Mediated
> >> Communication, 18(2), (social media leading to polarization)
> >>
> >> Abramowitz, A. I. (2014). Partisan nation: The rise of affective
> >> partisanship in the American electorate.
> >>
> >> From “information” to “knowing”: Exploring the role of social media in
> >> contemporary news consumption (2014) (found out that especially those
> who
> >> have a small network on Facebook are vulnerable to the filter bubble
> effect
> >> (in terms of news consumption).)
> >>
> >> Edgerly, S. (2015). Red media, blue media, and purple media: News
> >> repertoires in the colorful media landscape. Journal of Broadcasting &
> >> Electronic Media, 59, 1–21. (claim that polarization is due to public
> >> choice and not media)
> >>
> >> Nikolov D, Oliveira DFM, Flammini A, Menczer F. (2015) Measuring online
> >> social bubbles. PeerJ Computer Science (studied 4 years of communication
> >> data in a university network and found out that social media exposes the
> >> community to a narrower range of information sources)
> >>
> >> “Media Choice and Moderation: Evidence from Online Tracking Data” (2016)
> >> (Overall, the findings support a view that if online “echo chambers”
> exist,
> >> they are a reality for only very few people who drive the traffic and
> >> priorities of the most partisan outlets.)
> >>
> >> ------------------------------------------------------
> >>
> >> Sorry for dumping this unorganized list here. I hope some of it is still
> >> helpful. We are in the process of preparing a tutorial on this subject.
> I
> >> can provide you with a much more well formatted list of
> references/summary
> >> in a month or so, if that is still of interest.
> >>
> >>
> >> Regards,
> >> Kiran Garimella,
> >> PhD student
> >> Aalto University
> >> https://users.ics.aalto.fi/kiran/
> >>
> >> On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 11:10 PM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates at umd.edu>
> wrote:
> >>
> >>> Wow. More evidence that AoIR is worth a thousand lit reviews :)
> >>>
> >>> On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 1:44 PM, Alex Leavitt <alexleavitt at gmail.com>
> >>> wrote:
> >>>
> >>>> First:
> >>>>
> >>>> An overview of the #fakenews conference at Harvard Law earlier this
> >> year:
> >>>> https://news.northeastern.edu/2017/02/the-fake-news-
> >>>> phenomenon-how-it-spreads-and-how-to-fight-it/
> >>>>
> >>>> Some suggestions:
> >>>>
> >>>> Media Choice and Moderation:Evidence from Online Tracking Data. Andrew
> >>>> Guess, 2016. https://www.dropbox.com/s/uk005hhio3dysm8/GuessJMP.pdf?
> >> dl=0
> >>>> and coverage by Brendan Nyhan (who also does work in this area):
> >>>> https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/08/upshot/relatively-few-
> >>>> people-are-partisan-news-consumers-but-theyre-influential.html
> >>>>
> >>>> Yochai Benkler's 2017 research report:
> >>>> http://www.npr.org/2017/03/14/520087884/researchers-examine-
> >>>> breitbart-s-influence-on-misleading-information
> >>>>
> >>>> Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook.
> Bakshy,
> >>>> Messing, & Adamic, 2015. Science.
> >>>> http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/05/06/
> >>>> science.aaa1160.full
> >>>>
> >>>> Guess, Andrew M. 2015. Measure for measure: an experimental test of
> >>> online
> >>>> political media exposure. Political Analysis 23(1): 59-75.
> >>>> https://academic.oup.com/pan/article-abstract/23/1/59/
> >>>> 1448909/Measure-for-Measure-An-Experimental-Test-of-Online
> >>>>
> >>>> People trust news based on who shared it, not on who published it
> >>>> http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/03/avoiding-articles-from-the-
> >>>> creep-people-trust-news-based-on-who-shared-it-not-on-who-
> >> published-it/
> >>>> --> (2016:
> >>>> http://www.mediainsight.org/Pages/a-new-understanding-
> >>>> what-makes-people-trust-and-rely-on-news.aspx
> >>>> )
> >>>>
> >>>> Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements trump
> >>> partisan
> >>>> source affiliation when selecting news online. Messing & Westwood,
> >> 2014,
> >>>> Communication Research.
> >>>> https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Solomon_Messing/
> >>>> publication/235763723_Selective_Exposure_in_the_Age_
> >>>> of_Social_Media_Endorsements_Trump_Partisan_Source_
> >>>> Affiliation_When_Selecting_News_Online/links/
> >>> 0fcfd5134c3eb42dd5000000.pdf
> >>>>
> >>>> Also related:
> >>>>
> >>>> Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Allcott & Gentzkow,
> >>> 2017.
> >>>> https://web.stanford.edu/~gentzkow/research/fakenews.pdf
> >>>>
> >>>> Kate Starbird, @ University of Washington:
> >>>> https://medium.com/hci-design-at-uw/information-wars-a-
> >>>> window-into-the-alternative-media-ecosystem-a1347f32fd8f
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>>> ---
> >>>>
> >>>> Alex Leavitt, Ph.D.
> >>>> Quantitative UX Researcher, Facebook Research
> >>>> http://alexleavitt.com
> >>>> Twitter: @alexleavitt <http://twitter.com/alexleavitt>
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>>> On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 10:00 AM, Miguel, Cristina <
> >>>> C.Miguel at leedsbeckett.ac.uk> wrote:
> >>>>
> >>>>> Hi David,
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Flaxman et al. have another interesting paper about filter bubbles in
> >>>>> relation to news consumption:
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Flaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. (2016). Filter bubbles, echo
> >> chambers,
> >>>>> and online news consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(3),
> >> 209-227.
> >>>>> Chicago.
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Also check:
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Bozdag, E. (2013). Bias in algorithmic filtering and personalization.
> >>>>> Ethics and Information Technology, 15(3), 209-227.
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> My 2 cents!
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Best wishes,
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Dr. Cristina Miguel
> >>>>> Senior Lecturer
> >>>>> Business School
> >>>>> Leeds Beckett University
> >>>>> https://leedsbeckett.academia.edu/CristinaMiguel
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> ________________________________________
> >>>>> From: Air-L <air-l-bounces at listserv.aoir.org> on behalf of David
> >>> Brake <
> >>>>> davidbrake at gmail.com>
> >>>>> Sent: 02 April 2017 15:35
> >>>>> To: AoIR mailing list
> >>>>> Subject: [Air-L] Questioning the filter bubble
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Dear all,
> >>>>>
> >>>>> I’ve asked my students what they’d like to learn about I have not
> >>> already
> >>>>> covered and several of them have been asking about filter bubbles in
> >>>> social
> >>>>> media and virtual communities. What do people recommend these days
> >> for
> >>> up
> >>>>> to date discussion of filter bubbles? In particular arguments on
> >> *both*
> >>>>> sides. Here are two skeptical pieces I found about the filter bubble
> >>>> effect
> >>>>> FYI
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Flaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. M. (2013). Ideological segregation
> >> and
> >>>>> the effects of social media on news consumption. Retrieved from
> >>>>> http://www.justinmrao.com/bubbles.pdf
> >>>>> Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological Segregation Online
> >>> and
> >>>>> Offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1799-1839.
> >>> Retrieved
> >>>>> from http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/4/1799.abstract
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> --
> >>>>> Dr David Brake, Researcher and Educator http://davidbrake.org/,
> >>> @drbrake
> >>>>> Author of "Sharing Our Lives Online: Risks and Exposure in Social
> >>> Media”
> >>>>> https://www.facebook.com/sharingourlivesonline <
> >>>> https://www.facebook.com/
> >>>>> sharingourlivesonline>
> >>>>> _______________________________________________
> >>>>> The Air-L at listserv.aoir.org mailing list
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> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> --
> >>> Sarah Oates
> >>> Professor and Senior Scholar
> >>> Philip Merrill College of Journalism
> >>> University of Maryland
> >>> College Park, MD 20457
> >>> Email: soates at umd.edu
> >>> Phone: 301 405 4510
> >>> _______________________________________________
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> >>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers:
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> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> --
> >>
> >> --
> >> Kiran
> >> _______________________________________________
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> >> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers http://aoir.org
> >> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at: http://listserv.aoir.org/
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> >>
> >> Join the Association of Internet Researchers:
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> >>
> >
> >
> >
> > --
> > D. Yvette Wohn, Ph.D. (@arcticpenguin)
> > http://www.yvettewohn.com <http://arcticpenguin.wordpress.com>
> > _______________________________________________
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