[Air-L] Questioning the filter bubble
Mathew Toll
toll.mathew at gmail.com
Sun Apr 23 23:38:08 PDT 2017
Hello David (and everyone),
Here are two papers that discuss the idea of filter bubbles/echo-chambers
in relation to climate change discussion online:
Edwards, A. (2013). "(How) do participants in online dicussion forums
create 'echo chambers'?: The Inclusion and Exlusion of Dissenting Voices in
an Online Forum About Climate Change." Journal of Argumentation in Context
2(1): 127 –150.
Williams, H. T., et al. (2015). "Network analysis reveals open forums and
echo chambers in social media discussions of climate change." Global
Environmental Change 32: 126-138.
Kind regards,
Mathew Toll
On Mon, Apr 24, 2017 at 3:42 PM, Joly MacFie <joly at punkcast.com> wrote:
> Not a paper, but I might contribute Gilad Lotan's presentation at the
> 'Content Rules' event
>
> in Jan. He examines some real cases.
>
> https://livestream.com/internetsociety/contentrules/videos/147250574
> starts
> 8 mins in
>
>
> On Sun, Apr 23, 2017 at 9:52 PM, Jenny Davis <jennifer.davis at anu.edu.au>
> wrote:
>
> > Hi Chris and All,
> >
> >
> > Please excuse the self-promotion, but I've written about different
> > mechanisms of curation (i.e., filtering). The article might provide some
> > useful language and a framework to think about filter bubbles and related
> > issues.
> >
> >
> > Curation: A Theoretical Treatment
> >
> > http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2016.
> > 1203972?journalCode=rics20
> >
> >
> > Best,
> >
> > Jenny
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > Jenny L. Davis
> >
> > Lecturer, School of Sociology
> >
> > The Australian National University
> >
> > Co-Editor: Cyborgology<https://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/> <
> > https://twitter.com/Jenny_L_Davis>
> >
> > Twitter: @Jenny_L_Davis<https://twitter.com/Jenny_L_Davis>
> >
> > ________________________________
> > From: Air-L <air-l-bounces at listserv.aoir.org> on behalf of Chris
> Peterson
> > <chris at cpeterson.org>
> > Sent: Monday, April 24, 2017 7:35:07 AM
> > To: DY Wohn
> > Cc: AoIR mailing list
> > Subject: Re: [Air-L] Questioning the filter bubble
> >
> > Going to jump out from lurking this list to say what I’m sure has
> occurred
> > to others, i.e. that I’d love for a literature review of this question,
> not
> > only for teaching but also citation purposes.
> >
> > I’m currently revising an article on a distinct-but-maybe-related
> > phenomenon (i.e., that CIPA-compliant Internet filtering in public
> > institutions is almost unbelievably inconsistent across institutions
> > nominally governed by the same standards), and I’m trying to figure out
> how
> > to link the possible political consequences of that inconsistency with
> the
> > kinds of inconsistencies alleged across e.g. social media, but finding it
> > nearly impossible to even describe the phenomenon this thread is
> > questioning before I can get to the point of questioning it!
> >
> > I’m working through the papers that y’all have so helpfully shared, but
> > I’d love it especially if anyone has seen any good encapsulations of the
> > questions/controversies at stake that I can reference to help link these
> > concepts, because if I try to do that in this piece I suspect I’m going
> to
> > run out of word count before I even get to the thing I’m trying to write
> > about.
> >
> > In the meantime, thanks for being always-helpful, AoIR.
> >
> > — Chris
> >
> > > On Apr 6, 2017, at 2:57 PM, DY Wohn <yvettewohn at gmail.com> wrote:
> > >
> > > Also shameless self-plug for short theory paper where we argue that
> yes,
> > > algorithms play a role but it's wrong to think of social media as a
> > uniform
> > > entity because it is actually about how you compose your network; thus
> > > individuals have some agency in deciding who they will be connected to
> in
> > > social media:
> > >
> > > *Wohn, D. Y*., & Bowe, B. J. (2014). How social media facilitates
> social
> > > construction of reality
> > > <http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2556420.2556509&coll=
> > DL&dl=ACM&CFID=471301430&CFTOKEN=24404336>
> > > In *Proceedings of companion publication of CSCW 2014, *261-264. New
> > York,
> > > NY: ACM [pdf
> > > <https://arcticpenguin.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/2014-
> > cscw_wohnbowe.pdf>]
> > >
> > > *Wohn, D. Y*., & Bowe, B. J. (2016). Micro Agenda Setters: The Effect
> of
> > > Social Media on Young Adults’ Exposure to and Attitude Toward News
> > > <http://sms.sagepub.com/content/2/1/2056305115626750.full>. *Social
> > Media
> > > and Society, 2(1)*
> > >
> > > On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 6:22 PM, kiran gvr <gvrkirann at gmail.com> wrote:
> > >
> > >> Hello David,
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Already some great suggestions. Below is a broad list of papers that
> > >> discuss both sides of the broad topic of filter bubbles and
> > polarization. I
> > >> think it is a good addition to the above list by Alex, since these
> dont
> > >> deal with fake news, necessarily.
> > >>
> > >> 1. If you are looking for *work specifically that questions the
> bubble*,
> > >> here are a few (in chronological order).
> > >>
> > >> ------------------------------------------------------
> > >>
> > >> Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of political
> > >> polarization. American
> > >> Sociological Review, 72, 784–811.
> > >>
> > >> David Weinberger. Echo Chambers = Democracy. In A Fine, M Sifry, A
> > Rasiej,
> > >> and J Levy, editors, Rebooting America, pages 32–37. Personal
> Democracy
> > >> Press, New York, 2008. (argues that; 1) the Internet is too young to
> > make
> > >> conclusions about filter bubbles; 2) the empirical research that
> exists
> > is
> > >> very difficult to interpret; 3) fragmentation occurs in traditional
> > media
> > >> and in offline world; 4) democracy needs bubbles so that people in
> basic
> > >> agreement can build relationships and be active in political
> movements.)
> > >>
> > >> Wojcieszak, M. E. and D. C. Mutz (2009). “Online Groups and Political
> > >> Discourse: Do Online Discussion Spaces Facilitate Exposure to
> Political
> > >> Disagreement?” In: Journal of Communication
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Brundidge, J. (2010). “Encountering ”Difference” in the contemporary
> > public
> > >> sphere: The
> > >> contribution of the internet to the heterogeneity of political
> > discussion
> > >> networks”. In:
> > >> Journal of Communication (internet facilitates communication)
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Kim, Y. (2011b). “The contribution of social network sites to exposure
> > to
> > >> political difference:
> > >> The relationships among SNSs, online political messaging, and exposure
> > to
> > >> cross-cutting perspectives”. In: Computers in Human Behavior
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> IDEOLOGICAL SEGREGATION ONLINE AND OFFLINE, MATTHEW GENTZKOW AND JESSE
> > M.
> > >> SHAPIRO (2011) (We find no evidence that the Internet is becoming more
> > >> segregated over time.)
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Jacob Weisberg. Bubble Trouble Is Web personalization turning us into
> > >> solipsistic twits?, 2011. URL http://goo.gl/ET1pO6 (paper from google
> > >> saying web personalization is not responsible for bubbles)
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Kim, Y., Hsu, S.-H., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Influence of social
> > media
> > >> use on discussion network heterogeneity and civic engagement: The
> > >> moderating role of personality traits. Journal of Communication,
> 63(3),
> > >> 498–516
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Michael a. Beam and Gerald M. Kosicki. Personalized News Portals:
> > Filtering
> > >> Systems and Increased News Exposure. Journalism & Mass Communication
> > >> Quarterly, 91(1):59–77, 2014. (investigated the impact of personalized
> > news
> > >> web portals on political bias and found out the average news viewer
> > seems
> > >> to favor news that does not have bias towards a particular
> perspective.)
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> The digital citizen: in worship of an echo (2014)
> > >> https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366752/
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2014). Selective exposure in the age
> of
> > >> social media: Endorsements trump partisan source affiliation when
> > selecting
> > >> news online. Communication Research, 41(8), 1042–1063.
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R.
> > (2015).
> > >> Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more
> > than an
> > >> echo chamber? Psychological Science,
> > >>
> > >> Pablo Barbera. How Social Media Reduces Mass Political Polarization.
> > >> Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the U.S. 2014 (found out that social
> > >> media users receive information from a set of diverse sources, thanks
> to
> > >> weak ties)
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> FILTER BUBBLES, ECHO CHAMBERS, AND ONLINE NEWS CONSUMPTION (show that
> > >> there’s no preferential media consumption) https://5harad.com/papers/
> > >> bubbles.pdf
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Bakshy, E., S. Messing, and L. Adamic (2015). “Exposure to
> ideologically
> > >> diverse news
> > >> and opinion on Facebook”. In: Science (argue that facebook facilitates
> > >> ideologically diverse exposure)
> > >>
> > >> Kieron O’Hara and David Stevens (2015). Echo Chambers and Online
> > Radicalism
> > >> : Assessing the Internet’ s Complicity in Violent Extremism. Policy
> and
> > >> Internet (argue that the evidence for bubbles is not strong enough for
> > >> regulation and even if bubbles exist, users can escape them. Since
> users
> > >> can live in looser and multiple networks (often thanks to social
> media),
> > >> they have flexibility, choice and exposure to heterogeneous points of
> > >> view.)
> > >>
> > >> Bright, J. (2016). “The Social News Gap: How News Reading and News
> > Sharing
> > >> Diverge”. In: Journal of Communication (argues something similar to
> the
> > >> above, that social media facilitates diverse exposure)
> > >>
> > >> Bode, L. (2016). Who sees what? Individual exposure to political
> > >> information via social media. In G. W. Richardson (Ed.), Social media
> > and
> > >> politics: A new way to participate in the political process. Santa
> > Barbara,
> > >> CA: Praeger.
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> IS THE INTERNET CAUSING POLITICAL POLARIZATION? EVIDENCE FROM
> > DEMOGRAPHICS
> > >> (2017)
> > >>
> > >> http://www.nber.org/papers/w23258.pdf (they show that polarization is
> > >> increasing for the older demographic, who generally don’t use the
> > internet)
> > >>
> > >> ------------------------------------------------------
> > >>
> > >> *2. Here are a few that support the existence of the bubble:*
> > >>
> > >> Slater, M. D. (2007). Reinforcing spirals: The mutual influence of
> > media
> > >> selectivity and media effects and their impact on individual behavior
> > and
> > >> social identity. Communication theory, (it is a spiral effect)
> > >>
> > >> McCarty, N. M., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2008). Polarized
> America:
> > >> The dance of ideology and unequal riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
> > >> (economic inequality and polarization are linked)
> > >>
> > >> Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions:
> > Revisiting
> > >> the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341–366.
> > >>
> > >> Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of
> > >> ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59
> > >>
> > >> Levendusky, M. (2009). The partisan sort: How liberals became
> Democrats
> > and
> > >> conservatives became Republicans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
> > Press.
> > >>
> > >> Lawrence, E., Sides, J., & Farrell, H. (2010). Self-segregation or
> > >> deliberation? Blog readership, participation, and polarization in
> > American
> > >> politics. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 141–157. (social media
> > leading to
> > >> polarization)
> > >>
> > >> Abramowitz, A. I. (2011). The disappearing center: Engaged citizens,
> > >> polarization, and American democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University
> > Press.
> > >>
> > >> Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. New
> York,
> > >> NY: Oxford University Press (claim that polarization is due to media
> > >> balkanization)
> > >>
> > >> Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological segregation online
> > and
> > >> offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 44, 1–41. (both media
> and
> > >> personal choice responsible for polarization)
> > >>
> > >> Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A
> > social
> > >> identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3),
> > >> 405–431.
> > >>
> > >> Murray, C. (2013). Coming apart: The state of white America,
> 1960–2010.
> > New
> > >> York, NY: Crown Forum
> > >>
> > >> Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing
> > channels?
> > >> Partisan news in an age of choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
> > >> Press. (“Balkanization of media consumption”)
> > >>
> > >> Levendusky, M. (2013). How partisan media polarize America. Chicago,
> IL:
> > >> University of Chicago Press. (claim that polarization is due to media
> > >> balkanization)
> > >>
> > >> Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013). Changing minds or changing
> > channels?
> > >> Partisan news in an age of choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
> > Press
> > >> (claim that polarization is due to public choice and not media)
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of
> > >> Political Science, 16, 101–127. (both media and personal choice
> > responsible
> > >> for polarization)
> > >>
> > >> Himelboim, I., McCreery, S., & Smith, M. (2013). Birds of a feather
> > tweet
> > >> together: Integrating network and content analyses to examine
> > >> cross-ideology exposure on Twitter. Journal of Computer-Mediated
> > >> Communication, 18(2), (social media leading to polarization)
> > >>
> > >> Abramowitz, A. I. (2014). Partisan nation: The rise of affective
> > >> partisanship in the American electorate.
> > >>
> > >> From “information” to “knowing”: Exploring the role of social media in
> > >> contemporary news consumption (2014) (found out that especially those
> > who
> > >> have a small network on Facebook are vulnerable to the filter bubble
> > effect
> > >> (in terms of news consumption).)
> > >>
> > >> Edgerly, S. (2015). Red media, blue media, and purple media: News
> > >> repertoires in the colorful media landscape. Journal of Broadcasting &
> > >> Electronic Media, 59, 1–21. (claim that polarization is due to public
> > >> choice and not media)
> > >>
> > >> Nikolov D, Oliveira DFM, Flammini A, Menczer F. (2015) Measuring
> online
> > >> social bubbles. PeerJ Computer Science (studied 4 years of
> communication
> > >> data in a university network and found out that social media exposes
> the
> > >> community to a narrower range of information sources)
> > >>
> > >> “Media Choice and Moderation: Evidence from Online Tracking Data”
> (2016)
> > >> (Overall, the findings support a view that if online “echo chambers”
> > exist,
> > >> they are a reality for only very few people who drive the traffic and
> > >> priorities of the most partisan outlets.)
> > >>
> > >> ------------------------------------------------------
> > >>
> > >> Sorry for dumping this unorganized list here. I hope some of it is
> still
> > >> helpful. We are in the process of preparing a tutorial on this
> subject.
> > I
> > >> can provide you with a much more well formatted list of
> > references/summary
> > >> in a month or so, if that is still of interest.
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> Regards,
> > >> Kiran Garimella,
> > >> PhD student
> > >> Aalto University
> > >> https://users.ics.aalto.fi/kiran/
> > >>
> > >> On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 11:10 PM, Sarah Ann Oates <soates at umd.edu>
> > wrote:
> > >>
> > >>> Wow. More evidence that AoIR is worth a thousand lit reviews :)
> > >>>
> > >>> On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 1:44 PM, Alex Leavitt <alexleavitt at gmail.com>
> > >>> wrote:
> > >>>
> > >>>> First:
> > >>>>
> > >>>> An overview of the #fakenews conference at Harvard Law earlier this
> > >> year:
> > >>>> https://news.northeastern.edu/2017/02/the-fake-news-
> > >>>> phenomenon-how-it-spreads-and-how-to-fight-it/
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Some suggestions:
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Media Choice and Moderation:Evidence from Online Tracking Data.
> Andrew
> > >>>> Guess, 2016. https://www.dropbox.com/s/uk005hhio3dysm8/GuessJMP.pdf
> ?
> > >> dl=0
> > >>>> and coverage by Brendan Nyhan (who also does work in this area):
> > >>>> https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/08/upshot/relatively-few-
> > >>>> people-are-partisan-news-consumers-but-theyre-influential.html
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Yochai Benkler's 2017 research report:
> > >>>> http://www.npr.org/2017/03/14/520087884/researchers-examine-
> > >>>> breitbart-s-influence-on-misleading-information
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook.
> > Bakshy,
> > >>>> Messing, & Adamic, 2015. Science.
> > >>>> http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/05/06/
> > >>>> science.aaa1160.full
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Guess, Andrew M. 2015. Measure for measure: an experimental test of
> > >>> online
> > >>>> political media exposure. Political Analysis 23(1): 59-75.
> > >>>> https://academic.oup.com/pan/article-abstract/23/1/59/
> > >>>> 1448909/Measure-for-Measure-An-Experimental-Test-of-Online
> > >>>>
> > >>>> People trust news based on who shared it, not on who published it
> > >>>> http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/03/avoiding-articles-from-the-
> > >>>> creep-people-trust-news-based-on-who-shared-it-not-on-who-
> > >> published-it/
> > >>>> --> (2016:
> > >>>> http://www.mediainsight.org/Pages/a-new-understanding-
> > >>>> what-makes-people-trust-and-rely-on-news.aspx
> > >>>> )
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements trump
> > >>> partisan
> > >>>> source affiliation when selecting news online. Messing & Westwood,
> > >> 2014,
> > >>>> Communication Research.
> > >>>> https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Solomon_Messing/
> > >>>> publication/235763723_Selective_Exposure_in_the_Age_
> > >>>> of_Social_Media_Endorsements_Trump_Partisan_Source_
> > >>>> Affiliation_When_Selecting_News_Online/links/
> > >>> 0fcfd5134c3eb42dd5000000.pdf
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Also related:
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Allcott & Gentzkow,
> > >>> 2017.
> > >>>> https://web.stanford.edu/~gentzkow/research/fakenews.pdf
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Kate Starbird, @ University of Washington:
> > >>>> https://medium.com/hci-design-at-uw/information-wars-a-
> > >>>> window-into-the-alternative-media-ecosystem-a1347f32fd8f
> > >>>>
> > >>>>
> > >>>> ---
> > >>>>
> > >>>> Alex Leavitt, Ph.D.
> > >>>> Quantitative UX Researcher, Facebook Research
> > >>>> http://alexleavitt.com
> > >>>> Twitter: @alexleavitt <http://twitter.com/alexleavitt>
> > >>>>
> > >>>>
> > >>>> On Sun, Apr 2, 2017 at 10:00 AM, Miguel, Cristina <
> > >>>> C.Miguel at leedsbeckett.ac.uk> wrote:
> > >>>>
> > >>>>> Hi David,
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> Flaxman et al. have another interesting paper about filter bubbles
> in
> > >>>>> relation to news consumption:
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> Flaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. (2016). Filter bubbles, echo
> > >> chambers,
> > >>>>> and online news consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15(3),
> > >> 209-227.
> > >>>>> Chicago.
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> Also check:
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> Bozdag, E. (2013). Bias in algorithmic filtering and
> personalization.
> > >>>>> Ethics and Information Technology, 15(3), 209-227.
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> My 2 cents!
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> Best wishes,
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> Dr. Cristina Miguel
> > >>>>> Senior Lecturer
> > >>>>> Business School
> > >>>>> Leeds Beckett University
> > >>>>> https://leedsbeckett.academia.edu/CristinaMiguel
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> ________________________________________
> > >>>>> From: Air-L <air-l-bounces at listserv.aoir.org> on behalf of David
> > >>> Brake <
> > >>>>> davidbrake at gmail.com>
> > >>>>> Sent: 02 April 2017 15:35
> > >>>>> To: AoIR mailing list
> > >>>>> Subject: [Air-L] Questioning the filter bubble
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> Dear all,
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> I’ve asked my students what they’d like to learn about I have not
> > >>> already
> > >>>>> covered and several of them have been asking about filter bubbles
> in
> > >>>> social
> > >>>>> media and virtual communities. What do people recommend these days
> > >> for
> > >>> up
> > >>>>> to date discussion of filter bubbles? In particular arguments on
> > >> *both*
> > >>>>> sides. Here are two skeptical pieces I found about the filter
> bubble
> > >>>> effect
> > >>>>> FYI
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> Flaxman, S., Goel, S., & Rao, J. M. (2013). Ideological segregation
> > >> and
> > >>>>> the effects of social media on news consumption. Retrieved from
> > >>>>> http://www.justinmrao.com/bubbles.pdf
> > >>>>> Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological Segregation
> Online
> > >>> and
> > >>>>> Offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1799-1839.
> > >>> Retrieved
> > >>>>> from http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/4/1799.abstract
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>>
> > >>>>> --
> > >>>>> Dr David Brake, Researcher and Educator http://davidbrake.org/,
> > >>> @drbrake
> > >>>>> Author of "Sharing Our Lives Online: Risks and Exposure in Social
> > >>> Media”
> > >>>>> https://www.facebook.com/sharingourlivesonline <
> > >>>> https://www.facebook.com/
> > >>>>> sharingourlivesonline>
> > >>>>> _______________________________________________
> > >>>>> The Air-L at listserv.aoir.org mailing list
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> > >> http://aoir.org
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> > >>>>
> > >>>
> > >>>
> > >>>
> > >>> --
> > >>> Sarah Oates
> > >>> Professor and Senior Scholar
> > >>> Philip Merrill College of Journalism
> > >>> University of Maryland
> > >>> College Park, MD 20457
> > >>> Email: soates at umd.edu
> > >>> Phone: 301 405 4510
> > >>> _______________________________________________
> > >>> The Air-L at listserv.aoir.org mailing list
> > >>> is provided by the Association of Internet Researchers
> http://aoir.org
> > >>> Subscribe, change options or unsubscribe at:
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> > >>>
> > >>> Join the Association of Internet Researchers:
> > >>> http://www.aoir.org/
> > >>>
> > >>
> > >>
> > >>
> > >> --
> > >>
> > >> --
> > >> Kiran
> > >> _______________________________________________
> > >> The Air-L at listserv.aoir.org mailing list
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