[Air-L] Christchurch Call - relevant research links request

Tue May 7 08:06:37 PDT 2019

Erika,

I've been working on a comprehensive list of scholarship on content moderation and platform governance. This is NOT it, at least not yet. Just a briefer sampling. But since you're on a tight schedule, I'm posting it here. (Anyone who feels their missing from this list, my apologies; I do have a longer list, you may be on it, and I'm still working on it. Happy if you send me pointers off list.) Ansd this does not cover the excellent scholarship that looks into specific challenging phenomena - hate speech, harassment, terrorism and social media, misinformation. The focus of the list is how the platforms respond.

If you email me directly, I can gently indicate which of these are current, from scholars who might be particularly right for the event you're talking about, etc.

Tarleton

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*Content moderation and platform governance*

Gorwa, Robert. 2019. “What Is Platform Governance?” Information, Communication & Society, 1–18.

Gillespie, Tarleton. 2018. Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social Media. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Klonick, Kate. 2018. “The New Governors: The People, Rules and Processes Governing Online Speech.” Harvard Law Review 131: 73.

Roberts, Sarah T. 2019. Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media. New Haven: Yale University Press. 

Suzor, Nicolas. 2019. Lawless: The Secret Rules That Govern Our Digital Lives (and Why We Need New Digital Constitutions That Protect Our Rights). Oxford University Press.

Bengani, Priyanjana. 2018. “Controlling the Conversation: The Ethics of Social Platforms and Content Moderation,” 21.

Taddeo, Mariarosaria, and Luciano Floridi. 2016. “The Debate on the Moral Responsibilities of Online Service Providers.” Science and Engineering Ethics 22 (6): 1575–1603.

Zarsky, Tal Z. 2014. “Social Justice, Social Norms and the Governance of Social Media.” Pace Law Review. 35: 154-191.

Grimmelmann, James. 2014. “Speech Engines.” Minnesota Law Review 98 (3): 868–952.

Kaye, David. 2019. Speech Police: The Global Struggle to Govern the Internet. New York, NY: Columbia Global Reports.

*Community management in the early web*

Dibbell, Julian. 1993. “A Rape in Cyberspace.” The Village Voice, December 23, 1993.

Dutton, W. H. 1996. “Network Rules of Order: Regulating Speech in Public Electronic Fora.” Media, Culture & Society 18 (2): 269–90.

Kollock, Peter, and Marc Smith. 1996. “Managing the Virtual Commons.” In Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social, and Cross-Cultural Perspectives, edited by Susan Herring, 109–128. Amsterdam: John Benjamis. 

Lampe, Cliff, and Paul Resnick. 2004. “Slash (Dot) and Burn: Distributed Moderation in a Large Online Conversation Space.” In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 543–550. ACM.

Pfaffenberger, Bryan. 1996. “‘If I Want It, It’s OK’: Usenet and the (Outer) Limits of Free Speech.” The Information Society 12 (4): 365–86.

Forte, Andrea, Vanesa Larco, and Amy Bruckman. 2009. “Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance.” Journal of Management Information Systems 26 (1): 49–72. 

Geiger, R. Stuart, and David Ribes. 2010. “The Work of Sustaining Order in Wikipedia: The Banning of a Vandal.” In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 117–126. ACM.

Kiesler, Sara, Robert Kraut, Paul Resnick, and Aniket Kittur. 2011. “Regulating Behavior in Online Communities.” In Building Successful Online Communities: Evidence-Based Social Design, edited by Robert E. Kraut and Paul Resnick, 77–124. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Lampe, Cliff, Paul Zube, Jusil Lee, Chul Hyun Park, and Erik Johnston. 2014. “Crowdsourcing Civility: A Natural Experiment Examining the Effects of Distributed Moderation in Online Forums.” Government Information Quarterly 31 (2): 317–326.

Postigo, H. 2009. “America Online Volunteers: Lessons from an Early Co-Production Community.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 12 (5): 451–69. 

*The problems of moderation at scale*

Amnesty International. 2018. “#ToxicTwitter: Violence and Abuse Against Women Online.” Amnesty International.

Citron, Danielle Keats. 2014. Hate Crimes in Cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Evans, David S. 2012. “Governing Bad Behavior by Users of Multi-Sided Platforms.” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 27 (2). 

Humphreys, Sal. 2013. “Predicting, Securing and Shaping the Future: Mechanisms of Governance in Online Social Environments.” International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 9 (3): 247–58. 

Jeong, Sarah. 2015. The Internet of Garbage. Forbes Media. 

Kiene, Charles, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, and Benjamin Mako Hill. 2016. “Surviving an ‘Eternal September’: How an Online Community Managed a Surge of Newcomers.” In , 1152–56. ACM Press. 

Lewis, Rebecca. 2018. “Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube.” Data & Society Research Institute.

Phillips, Whitney. 2015. This Is Why We Can’t Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Roth, Yoel. 2015. “‘No Overly Suggestive Photos of Any Kind’: Content Management and the Policing of Self in Gay Digital Communities.” Communication, Culture & Critique 8 (3): 414–32. 

York, Jillian C. 2015. “Solutions for Online Harassment Don’t Come Easily.” The Fibreculture Journal, no. 26 (December): 297–301. 

*The difficulty of drawing contentious lines*

boyd, danah. 2012. “The Politics of ‘Real Names.’” Communications of the ACM 55 (8): 29. 

boyd, danah, Jenny Ryan, and Alex Leavitt. 2010. “Pro-Self-Harm and the Visibility of Youth-Generated Problematic Content.” ISJLP 7: 1.

Cohn, Cindy. 2018. “Bad Facts Make Bad Law: How Platform Censorship Has Failed so Far and How to Ensure That the Response to Neo-Nazis Doesn’t Make It Worse.” Georgetown Law and Technology Review 2: 21.

Gomes de Andrade, Norberto Nuno, Dave Pawson, Dan Muriello, Lizzy Donahue, and Jennifer Guadagno. 2018. “Ethics and Artificial Intelligence: Suicide Prevention on Facebook.” Philosophy & Technology 31 (4): 669–84.

Haimson, Oliver L., and Anna Lauren Hoffmann. 2016. “Constructing and Enforcing ‘Authentic’ Identity Online: Facebook, Real Names, and Non-Normative Identities.” First Monday 21 (6). 

Ibrahim, Yasmin. 2010. “The Breastfeeding Controversy and Facebook: Politicization of Image, Privacy and Protest.” International Journal of E-Politics 1 (2): 16–28. 

*The labor of moderation*

Matias, J. Nathan, Amy Johnson, Whitney Erin Boesel, Brian Keegan, Jaclyn Friedman, and Charlie DeTar. 2015. “Reporting, Reviewing, and Responding to Harassment on Twitter.” ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1505.03359. 

Ghosh, Arpita, Satyen Kale, and Preston McAfee. 2011. “Who Moderates the Moderators?: Crowdsourcing Abuse Detection in User-Generated Content.” In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, 167–176. ACM. 

Kou, Yubo, and Xinning Gui. 2017. “The Rise and Fall of Moral Labor in an Online Game Community.” In Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 223–26. Portland, OR: ACM Press. 

Matias, J. Nathan. 2019. “The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online.” Social Media + Society 5 (2): 205630511983677. 

Roberts, Sarah T. 2016. “Commercial Content Moderation: Digital Laborers’ Dirty Work.” In Intersectional Internet: Race, Sex, Class and Culture Online, edited by Safiya Umoja Noble and Brendesha Tynes, 147–59. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc. 

Roberts, Sarah T.  2019. Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media. New Haven: Yale University Press.

*Technical approaches and their problems*

Citron, Danielle, and Benjamin Wittes. 2017. “Follow Buddies and Block Buddies: A Simple Proposal to Improve Civility, Control, and Privacy on Twitter,” 9.

Delort, Jean-Yves, Bavani Arunasalam, and Cecile Paris. 2011. “Automatic Moderation of Online Discussion Sites.” International Journal of Electronic Commerce 15 (3): 9–30. 

Gehl, Robert W., Lucas Moyer-Horner, and Sara K. Yeo. 2017. “Training Computers to See Internet Pornography: Gender and Sexual Discrimination in Computer Vision Science.” Television & New Media 18 (6): 529–547.

Geiger, R. Stuart. 2016. “Bot-Based Collective Blocklists in Twitter: The Counterpublic Moderation of Harassment in a Networked Public Space.” Information, Communication & Society 19 (6): 787–803. 

Jhaver, Shagun, Sucheta Ghoshal, Amy Bruckman, and Eric Gilbert. 2018. “Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists.” ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 25 (2): 1–33. 

*Thinking beyond Facebook*

Busch, Thorsten, Florence Chee, Alison Harvey, Kate Grosser, Lauren McCarthy, and Maureen Kilgour. 2016. “Corporate Responsibility and the Governance of Gender-Based Harassment in Online Game Spaces.” In Gender Equality and Responsible Business: Expanding CSR Horizons, 31–45. Greenleaf.

Hestres, Luis E. 2013. “App Neutrality: Apple’s App Store and Freedom of Expression Online.” International Journal of Communication 7: 1265–1280.

Kim, Jenny. 2017. “Moderating the Uncontrollable” 10 (3): 9.

Reagle, Joseph. 2015. Reading the Comments: Likers, Haters, and Manipulators at the Bottom of the Web. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Tusikov, Natasha. 2019. “Defunding Hate: PayPal’s Regulation of Hate Groups.” Surveillance & Society 17 (1/2): 46–53. 

Zeng, Jing, Chung-hong Chan, and King-wa Fu. 2017. “How Social Media Construct ‘Truth’ Around Crisis Events: Weibo’s Rumor Management Strategies After the 2015 Tianjin Blasts.” Policy & Internet 9 (3): 297–320. 

*User reactions, resistance, and activism*

Anderson, Jessica, Kim Carlson, Matthew Stender, Sarah Myers West, and Jillian York. 2016. “Censorship in Context: Insights from Crowdsourced Data on Social Media Censorship.” Electronic Frontier Foundation.

Anderson, Jessica, Matthew Stender, Sarah Myers West, and Jillian C. York. 2016. “Unfriending Censorship: Insights from Four Months of Crowdsourced Data on Social Media Censorship.” Onlinecensorship.org. 

Blackwell, Lindsay, Jill Dimond, Sarita Schoenebeck, and Cliff Lampe. 2017. “Classification and Its Consequences for Online Harassment: Design Insights from HeartMob.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1 (CSCW): 1–19. 

Chancellor, Stevie, Jessica Annette Pater, Trustin A Clear, Eric Gilbert, and Munmun De Choudhury. 2016. “#thyghgapp: Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities.” In , 1199–1211. ACM Press. 

Crawford, Kate, and Tarleton Gillespie. 2016. “What Is a Flag for? Social Media Reporting Tools and the Vocabulary of Complaint.” New Media & Society 18 (3): 410–28.

Duguay, Stefanie, Jean Burgess, and Nicolas Suzor. 2018. “Queer Women’s Experiences of Patchwork Platform Governance on Tinder, Instagram, and Vine.” Convergence, 1354856518781530. 

Fiore-Silfvast, Brittany. 2012. “User-Generated Warfare: A Case of Converging Wartime Information Networks and Coproductive Regulation on YouTube.” International Journal of Communication 6: 24.

Gerrard, Ysabel. 2018. “Beyond the Hashtag: Circumventing Content Moderation on Social Media.” New Media & Society.

West, Sarah Myers. 2017. “Raging Against the Machine: Network Gatekeeping and Collective Action on Social Media Platforms.” Media and Communication 5 (3): 28–36.

*Free speech and censorship*

Ammori, Marvin. 2014. “The ‘New’ New York Times: Free Speech Lawyering in the Age of Google and Twitter.” Harv. L. Rev. 127 (8): 2259.

Armijo, Enrique. 2018. “Meet the New Governors, Same as the Old Governors (Response to Kate Klonick, ‘Facebook v. Sullivan’).” Emerging Threats. Knight First Amendment Institute.

Balkin, Jack M. 2016. “Information Fiduciaries and the First Amendment.” UC Davis Law Review 49 (4). 

Goldman, Eric. 2010. “Unregulating Online Harassment.” 

Goldman, Eric. 2012. “Online User Account Termination and 47 USC Sec. 230 (c)(2).” UC Irvine L. Rev. 2: 659.

Klonick, Kate. 2018. “Facebook v. Sullivan.” Emerging Threats. Knight First Amendment Institute.

Kreimer, Seth F. 2006. “Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 155 (1): 11. 

MacKinnon, Rebecca. 2012. Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom. New York: Basic Books.

Pasquale, Frank A. 2016. “Platform Neutrality: Enhancing Freedom of Expression in Spheres of Private Power.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law, Forthcoming. 

*Section 230 and existing U.S. law*

Bankston, Kevin, David Sohn, and Andrew McDiarmid. 2012. “Shielding the Messengers: Protecting Platforms for Expression and Innovation.” Center for Democracy and Technology.

Reidenberg, Joel R., Jamela Debelak, Jordan Kovnot, and Tiffany Miao. 2012. “Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act: A Survey of the Legal Literature and Reform Proposals.”

Tushnet, Rebecca. 2008. “Power without Responsibility: Intermediaries and the First Amendment.” George Washington Law Review 76: 101.

Citron, Danielle Keats. 2015. “Online Engagement on Equal Terms.” University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law.

Citron, Danielle Keats, and Benjamin Wittes. 2017. “The Internet Will Not Break: Denying Bad Samaritans §230 Immunity.” FORDHAM LAW REVIEW 86: 24.

Keller, Daphne. 2017. “SESTA and the Teachings of Intermediary Liability,” 19.

Lavi, Michal. 2016. “Content Providers’ Secondary Liability: A Social Network Perspective.” Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal 26: 855–943.

MacKinnon, Rebecca, Elonnai Hickok, Allon Bar, and Hai-in Lim. 2014. “Fostering Freedom Online: The Roles, Challenges and Obstacles of Internet Intermediaries.” United Nations Educational.

Mansell, Robin. 2015. “The Public’s Interest in Intermediaries.” Info 17 (6): 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/info-05-2015-0035.

Citron, Danielle, and Quinta Jurecic. 2018. “Platform Justice: Content Moderation at an Inflection Point.” 1811. Aegis Series.

Citron, Danielle Keats. 2018. “Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep.” Notre Dame Law Review 93: 39.

Citron, Danielle Keats, and Benjamin Wittes. 2018. “The Problem Isn’t Just Backpage: Revising Section 230 Immunity.” Georgetown Law and Technology Review 2: 21.

Eichensehr, Kirsten. 2019. “Digital Switzerlands.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 66.

Gillespie, Tarleton. 2018. “Platforms Are Not Intermediaries.” Georgetown Law and Technology Review 2: 19.

Zittrain, Jonathan. n.d. “CDA 230 Then and Now: Does Intermediary Immunity Keep the Rest of Us Healthy?,” 5.

*Principles of good governance* 

Busch, T., and T. Shepherd. 2014. “Doing Well by Doing Good? Normative Tensions Underlying Twitter’s Corporate Social Responsibility Ethos.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 20 (3): 293–315. 

Suzor, Nicolas. 2010. “The Role of the Rule of Law in Virtual Communities.” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 25 (4): 1817–1886.

Belli, Luca, and Jamila Venturini. 2016. “Private Ordering and the Rise of Terms of Service as Cyber-Regulation.” Internet Policy Review 5 (4).

Centivany, Alissa. 2016. “Values, Ethics and Participatory Policymaking in Online Communities.” Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 53 (1): 1–10.

Cohen, Julie E. 2017. “Law for the Platform Economy.” UCDL Rev. 51: 133.

Napoli, Philip M., and Robyn Caplan. 2016. “When Media Companies Insist They’re Not Media Companies and Why It Matters for Communications Policy.” Available at SSRN 2750148. 

Helberger, Natali, Jo Pierson, and Thomas Poell. 2018. “Governing Online Platforms: From Contested to Cooperative Responsibility.” The Information Society 34 (1): 1–14. 

Suzor, Nicolas. 2018. “Digital Constitutionalism: Using the Rule of Law to Evaluate the Legitimacy of Governance by Platforms.” Social Media + Society 4 (3): 205630511878781. 

On 5/7/19, 12:50 AM, "Air-L on behalf of Pearson, Erika" <air-l-bounces at listserv.aoir.org on behalf of E.Pearson at massey.ac.nz> wrote:

    Kia ora koutou from NZ
    As some of you may already be aware, next month NZ and France will be co-chairing a "Christchurch Call" meeting alongside the "Tech for Good" and the "Tech for Humanity" summits as part of the response to the Christchurch attack - here's a news article overview for those not sure what the Call is https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12226274 . This meeting might consider issues such as online radicalization and hate speech, and perhaps also wider considerations of civil society in a digital era, though the exact agenda has yet to be finalized

    I have been asked to request of the global research community any recent scholarly works that might be useful for people here to consider as they work through their thinking as to what the Call should - rather than restricting to a particular topic, I'd like to cast the net wide at this stage, as the agenda is still evolving.  So could you please send me directly links/cites to your work or works of your colleagues that may help contribute or feed into this important public discussion. There is a tight timeframe here, so if you could get them to me by the 10th May NZ time (which early in the 9th for the US and late in the 9th for Europe) I would be very appreciative.  I will pass them onto the team as I get them.

    Thanking you in advance.
    Erika
    (PS: thanks also for making me one of your open seat representatives - I look forward to serving the organisation!)

    Dr Erika Pearson
    School of Communication Journalism and Marketing
    Massey University Wellington

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